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Extinction risk grows across the globe |
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September 30, 2000
LONDON, SEPT 29 (AP) - A wild cat that roams Europe's Iberian Peninsula, a dolphin off the New Zealand coast, a caviar-producing sturgeon and a red-flowered shrub clinging to the mountains of Mauritius have one thing in common: all are teetering on the edge of extinction. Some 11,046 plants and animals risk disappearing forever, according to the most comprehensive analysis of global conservation ever undertaken. The World Conservation Union's 2000 Red List of Threatened Species, released Thursday, examined some 18,000 species and subspecies around the globe. But scientists acknowledge that even a study of this magnitude only scratches the surface. Earth is home to an estimated 14 million species - and only 1.75 million have been documented. Many may become extinct before they are even identified, much less assessed by scientists. "Global society would be horrified if someone set fire to the Louvre in Paris or the Metropolitan Museum in New York, or if someone blew up the Pyramids or the Taj Mahal," said Russell Mittermeier, president of the Washington, D.C.-based Conservation International. "Yet every time a forest is burned to the ground in Madagascar or the Philippines, the loss to global society is at least as great, yet no one pays very much attention - and sadly it happens every day." Conservationists estimate that the current extinction rate is 1,000 to 10,000 times higher than it should be under natural circumstances. That means that in the first decades of the 21st century, many creatures - from a majestic Albatross to Asian freshwater turtles - may join the ranks of the flightless Dodo bird. The primary reason: humans. Everything from expanding cities to deforestation, agriculture and fishing pose a significant threat to the planet's biodiversity. In the last 500 years, some 816 species have disappeared - some permanently, while others exist only in artificial settings, such as zoos. With 11,046 more at significant risk of being confined to the history books, and 4,595 on the brink of being declared threatened - conservationists are gloomy. "The extinction crisis that we've all been talking about for a long time looks as if it is fast becoming a reality," said Craig Hilton-Taylor, of the World Conservation Union's British branch. "And it is a far more serious problem than ever anticipated." Since the last assessment, carried out in 1996, the number of mammals identified as critically endangered - those closest to extinction - increased from 169 to 180. The number of birds rose from 168 to 182. According to the 2000 Red List, one in every four mammals and one in every eight birds is at risk. Statistics for plants are more difficult to assess because so many are yet to be analyzed. But conifers, the most studied group, suggest a depressing trend - some 16 percent are at risk, according to the report. "This time we were scared by our own results," said Maritta Koch-Weser, director-general of the World Conservation Union, from her office near Geneva, Switzerland. "Our world is a result of evolution over 3.5 billion years and we are able in just four years to do away with so much. The magnitude of what we've done is philosophically hard to understand." The Red List is produced by the World Conservation Union's Species Survival Commission, a network of some 7,000 species experts working in almost every country in the world. The conservationists assign each species to one of eight categories, depending on such factors as the rate of decline, population numbers and the size of the geographic area where it is found. Species facing a significant threat of extinction are classified as critically endangered, endangered or vulnerable. Examples range from the Iberian lynx, of which only 600 remain, to the Brazilian Guitar Fish, whose numbers declined by 96 percent due to overfishing. Fewer than 50 mature mandrinette shrubs grow in two mountain colonies in Mauritius. Hector's dolphins, found only in New Zealand waters, are threatened by man-made chemicals and gill nets. Sturgeon poaching has escalated since the break-up of the Soviet Union, and of the more than 20 species of the fish, only two are unthreatened. Indonesia, India, Brazil and China are among the countries with the most threatened mammals and birds, according to the 2000 report. The United States fell out of the top 20 list, replaced this time by Cameroon and Russia. However, the United States did rank top of the chart for the most threatened species of fishes and invertebrates. But experts said that is slightly misleading - the status of these creatures has been more closely analyzed in the United States than elsewhere. Malaysia, which has lost a significant proportion of its tropic timber trees, comes first for endangered plant species. Conservationists said the latest report can be used to educate governments and people worldwide. Ultimately, they are seeking more legal protection for at-risk animals and habitats, the creation of conservation "hot spots" to protect areas facing grave danger and a massive increase in spending above the estimated dlrs 6 billion currently spent worldwide. "As a society we don't care what are we going to leave behind for people that come after us," said Koch-Weser. "In many cases, we don't even know what we are losing." (mb-acw)
--- On the Net: The World Conservation Union's 2000 Red List of Threatened Species: http://www.redlist.org
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